According to Goff, panpsychism defines consciousness not as an ability to reflect on one’s own existence, but more simply as the ability to experiencethe world in some way — to feel pain or pleasure, to see sights or hear sounds.

While it’s obvious that at least some animals are conscious by this definition — we know that dogs can see and that cats derive pleasure from knocking our stuff off tables — the general consensus seems to be that, as lifeforms get more and more simple, they become less and less conscious until, at some point, they just aren’t anymore.

“But it’s at least coherent to suppose that this continuum of consciousness fading while never quite turning off carries on into inorganic matter,” Goff told SciAm, “with fundamental particles having almost unimaginably simple forms of experience to reflect their incredibly simple nature. That’s what panpsychists believe.”

The belief that consciousness is somehow something our brains do means that it’s also something that neuroscientists should be able to figure out — but again, they’re nowhere close to making that a reality.

If we define consciousness as an unobservable quality possessed by all forms of matter, though, as panpsychists suggest, we could emerge with a unified theory of consciousness built on not just science, but a combination of science and philosophy.

“What this offers us is a beautifully simple, elegant way of integrating consciousness into our scientific worldview,” Goff told SciAm, “of marrying what we know about ourselves from the inside and what science tells us about matter from the outside.”